•  FCL (Full Container Load): This refers to a shipment where the shipper has exclusive use of an entire shipping container. It's generally more cost-effective for larger volumes of goods.
• LCL (Less-than-Container Load): This involves consolidating multiple smaller shipments from different shippers into one container. Shippers pay only for the volume or weight their goods occupy within the container, making it suitable for smaller shipments.

Key documents are:

• Commercial Invoice
• Packing List,
• Bill of Lading (BOL) / Air Waybill (AWB)
• Certificate of Origin
• Customs Declaration.
• Insurance Certificate.

Customs clearance is the process of getting permission from customs authorities to import or export goods in any country. It involves submitting necessary documentation, paying applicable duties and taxes, and ensuring compliance with import/export regulations.

Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) are a set of rules that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade contracts. They specify who is responsible for costs, risks, and documentation at different stages of the shipping process (e.g., EXW, FOB, CIF, DDP) and each Incoterms must have the name of the place.

Customs clearance is the process of getting permission from customs authorities to import or export goods in any country. It involves submitting necessary documentation, paying applicable duties and taxes, and ensuring compliance with import/export regulations.

There are Several factors that influence freight forwarding costs.

•  Mode of transport: Air, sea, road, or rail.
•  Distance and origin/destination: Longer distances and less accessible locations often increase costs.
• Weight and volume of the shipment: Higher weight and volume typically lead to higher charges.
• Incoterms: The chosen incoterm dictates who bears certain costs.
• Fuel surcharges: Fluctuations in fuel prices can impact transportation costs.
•  Customs duties and taxes: Applicable import/export fees.
  * Insurance costs: If additional cargo insurance is required.
• Special handling requirements: For fragile, oversized, or hazardous goods.
•  Urgency of delivery: Expedited shipping services are usually more expensive.

Cargo insurance is a type of insurance that covers the loss or damage of goods during transit. A shipper might consider purchasing it to protect their financial investment in the goods against unforeseen events such as accidents, theft, natural disasters, or handling damage. While carriers have some liability, it's often limited, making cargo insurance a valuable safeguard.

Benefits of using a freight forwarder include:

• Expertise and knowledge: Forwarders have in-depth understanding of shipping regulations, customs procedures, and documentation requirements.
• Established network: They have relationships with various carriers and service providers, potentially leading to better rates and service options.
• Time and cost savings: They can handle complex logistics, freeing up the shipper's time and potentially negotiating better prices.
• Risk mitigation: Their experience helps avoid costly errors and delays.
• Single point of contact: They manage the entire shipping process, simplifying communication.

customs broker is a licensed professional who acts as an agent for importers and exporters in dealing with customs authorities. Their role involves preparing and submitting customs documentation, arranging for the payment of duties and taxes, and ensuring compliance with customs laws and regulations. They facilitate the smooth clearance of goods through customs.